머신 비전에서 F-값이란 무엇인가? 조리개, 피사계 심도, 회절에 대해 알아보기
F-number sets light throughput, depth of field, and diffraction. This guide explains why engineers call low F-numbers fast, then covers numerical aperture, the entrance pupil, and low-light lens selection.
F-number (written f/#) is the ratio of a lens's focal length to the diameter of its entrance pupil: a 25mm lens with a 12.5mm entrance pupil is an F/2 lens. In machine vision, f-number is the control knob for the core imaging tradeoff: light throughput versus depth of field versus diffraction-limited sharpness.
F-number is not focal length: two lenses with the same EFL can have different apertures, and two lenses at the same f-number can frame different scenes.
렌즈의 조리개 값(f-number)이란 무엇인가요?
F-number (f/#) is the ratio of a lens's focal length to its entrance pupil diameter. It is dimensionless. It appears on every machine vision lens datasheet and largely sets how much light reaches the sensor per unit time. A lower F# means a larger aperture and more light. A higher F# means a smaller aperture, less light, and more depth of field.
The standard stop sequence (F/1.4, F/2, F/2.8, F/4, F/5.6, F/8, F/11, F/16) advances one stop per step: the f-number rises by √2, the entrance pupil diameter falls by √2, and the light halves. F/2.8 to F/5.6 is two stops, a quarter of the light.
Why low F-numbers are called fast
Engineers call an F/1.4 lens fast and an F/8 lens slow, and the vocabulary is about exposure length, not glass. A wider aperture collects the same light in less time, so early photographers could expose a plate faster. The words carry over directly: on a moving line, a fast lens reaches the target signal level inside the motion-blur window.
Many lenses reach their flattest performance one to two stops down from wide open, but the crossover depends on the design and the pixel size. The only reliable confirmation is MTF data measured at the working aperture, across the field.
조리개 값은 피사계 심도에 어떤 영향을 미치나요?
A higher f-number widens the in-focus range. At a fixed focal length, working distance, and blur budget, geometric depth of field grows in proportion to the working f-number, so F/2 to F/8 buys roughly four times the depth. That proportionality is a low-magnification approximation: exact near and far limits are nonlinear, and diffraction trims the usable gain at small apertures. Stopping down is still the first tool to try when parts show height variation, at the cost of light.
The full treatment, including the circle of confusion, hyperfocal distance, and the diffraction limit, lives in the Commonlands depth of field guide.
For working numbers, run the depth of field calculator with your focal length, F#, working distance, and pixel pitch. It also compares the light between two F# values, so one pass answers both the sharp-zone and the exposure question.
F값은 광량과 노출 시간에 어떤 영향을 미치나요?
Image-plane irradiance scales roughly with 1/(f/#)². Transmission (measured as a T-stop), vignetting, pupil aberration, and the working f-number N(1+|m|) at finite conjugates all shift the real number. Each full stop still halves the light, so F/1.4 to F/8 costs about a factor of 32, recovered with longer exposure, brighter illumination, or higher gain.
Each recovery path has a cost. Longer exposure increases motion blur: at conveyor speeds of 200–500mm/s, an extra 1ms of exposure adds 0.2–0.5mm of smear at the object. More illumination power means more heat and larger drive electronics. Higher gain amplifies noise along with signal.
Machine vision has one structural advantage over photography: illumination is usually programmable. LED rings, backlights, and strobes turn up when the aperture is stopped down, which makes small apertures practical. The lighting budget still has to be designed, not assumed.
회절은 언제 해상도를 제한하나요?
Diffraction lowers MTF continuously as f-number rises, so there is no single hard threshold. A common bookkeeping marker is the aperture where the Airy disk, the smallest spot even a perfect lens can form, spans two pixel pitches. It is a flag, not a criterion: spot diameter and the contrast a sensor holds at Nyquist are different measures, so judge the working aperture from system MTF at Nyquist. At 550nm the Airy diameter is about 1.34 × N micrometers, so 3.45µm pixels reach the marker near F/5.1.
The disk grows linearly with f-number, so every stop of depth bought by closing the iris eventually costs resolution, and larger pixels tolerate more. The pixel-pitch table and the sensor-side math are worked through in the Commonlands spatial resolution guide.
수치 구경이란 무엇인가요?
Numerical aperture (NA) is the angular measure of the light cone an optical system accepts: NA = n × sin(θ), where n is the refractive index of the medium and θ is the half-angle of the acceptance cone. In air, NA = sin(θ), below 1.0 for camera lenses.
NA and f-number describe the same acceptance cone from different directions: NA as an angle in the medium, f/# as a ratio of focal geometry. Machine vision datasheets and iris rings use F#. Microscopy and fiber optics use NA, partly because immersion media with n > 1 push microscope NA above 1.0. Convert once and stay in one convention.
NA is not an image quality score: it says nothing about MTF, distortion, or relative illumination. The Commonlands EFL calculator documents the f/# = f/D definition and its paraxial link to NA.
렌즈의 입사 동공이란 무엇인가요?
The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop seen from the object side of the lens. Look into the front of a lens against a bright background and the circular bright opening is the entrance pupil. A front group with 1.5× pupil magnification turns a 10mm iris opening into a 15mm pupil, which is why published f-numbers derive from pupil size, not the iris blade opening.
| 용어 | 이것이 무엇인지 | 엔지니어들이 왜 관심을 갖는가 |
|---|---|---|
| 조리개 값 | 광선 다발의 직경을 제한하는 물리적 요소(일반적으로 조리개 어셈블리) | 전방 그룹의 배율에 따라 조정된 직경이 입사 동공의 크기를 결정합니다. |
| 입사 동공 | 객체 공간에서 본 정지점의 이미지 | Defines f/# = f / D_EP |
| 아이리스 직경 | 주어진 설정에서 물리적 조리개 날개의 유효 구경 | Generally not the entrance pupil in lenses with a front group. Unless the pupil magnification is exactly 1×, plugging it into f/# = f/D gives the wrong answer |
To recover the pupil diameter from datasheet values, invert the definition: D_EP = f / f/#. The Commonlands CIL532 12mm C-mount lens has a pupil of about 5.9mm at F/2.05. The CIL544 25mm lens at F/1.8 has a pupil of about 13.9mm. Each iris position is a different entrance pupil diameter.
저조도 머신 비전용 렌즈는 어떻게 선택해야 할까요?
A low-light machine vision lens collects enough photons per frame for an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio without an exposure time that causes motion blur. The lens contributes aperture, transmission, and stray-light suppression. The rest is pixel size, target velocity, and illumination strategy.
Aperture is the primary optical lever. Moving from F/2.8 to F/1.4 quadruples the photons collected per unit time, and SNR in a shot-noise-limited sensor improves with the square root of photon count. Transmission matters too: coating quality and the number of air-glass surfaces set how much light arrives.
Pixel size sets the sensor side of the budget: a 4.2µm pixel collects far more photons than a 1.85µm pixel at the same scene brightness and exposure. Confirm the lens image circle covers the sensor diagonal before comparing f-numbers. See the CMOS sensor size guide.
The motion budget closes the loop. Blur is a sensor-plane quantity, so convert before dividing: a pixel's footprint at the object is the pixel pitch divided by the magnification. At 0.1x a 4µm pixel covers 40µm of the part, which a 1m/s target crosses in 40µs. Only at 1:1 do footprint and pixel pitch match. When even an F/1.4 lens cannot clear the noise floor in that window, the answer is illumination, not more aperture: pulsed LEDs deliver peak intensity far above their continuous rating.
NIR illumination at 850nm or 940nm is often the better answer when ambient light is dim, variable, or must stay invisible to people. It needs an IR-pass filter against ambient visible light and an IR-corrected lens against focus shift. See the NIR imaging guide.
머신 비전 렌즈에서 조리개 조절 기능이 왜 중요한가요?
An adjustable iris lets you change f-number after the lens is installed. Many C-mount lenses carry an iris ring spanning wide open to F/16: a setup-time dial for the depth-of-field-versus-light tradeoff. M12 apertures are typically fixed, chosen at purchase.
When part-height variation or a changeover brings a different reflectance or height profile after commissioning, a C-mount system stops down and turns up the LED drive, while a fixed-aperture system changes hardware.
Fixed aperture is not a defect. It is part of what makes the M12 format compact, light, and economical for embedded systems. For consistent targets at a fixed distance, a well-chosen fixed F# does the same job with fewer parts.
애플리케이션별 Aperture 시작 지점
Treat each starting point below as a first F# to refine against your depth requirement and pixel pitch, not a fixed rule.
| 신청 | Starting F# | What drives the choice |
|---|---|---|
| Flat targets | F/2.8–F/4 | Set for field uniformity across the plane. |
| 3D parts with height variation | Smallest F# that covers the depth range | Keep it below the diffraction limit for the pixel pitch. If depth and diffraction cannot both be met, change the working distance or focal length instead. |
| Barcode and text reading | F/4–F/8 | Stops down for depth while staying below the diffraction limit for the pixel pitch. |
조리개 조절과 저조도 촬영에 최적화된 렌즈
The Commonlands M12 rows run from wide-angle to telephoto, with fixed apertures from F/1.6 wide open to an F/8.0 telephoto variant. The multi-variant lenses let the DOF budget pick the stop at order time. The C-mount rows reach F/1.4–F/1.8 maximum, and the 25mm CIL544 has an adjustable iris. Every aperture below is the figure published on the linked product page. These are examples, not the full range: browse the machine vision lens collection for current options.
| 순위 | 렌즈 | 마운트와 EFL | 조리개 | 언제 선택해야 할까요? | 링크 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CIL019 | M12, 1.8mm | F/1.6 고정 | Wide-angle low-light scenes. IR-corrected and low distortion, so it holds focus when NIR illumination takes over at night. | CIL019 |
| 2 | CIL339 | M12, 4mm | F/1.6 고정 | Wide-angle automotive builds that need maximum throughput at a fixed stop. | CIL339 |
| 3 | CIL359 | M12, 5.9mm | F/1.6 고정 | Automotive and drone cameras at a normal field of view, where a fast fixed stop keeps exposures short. | CIL359 |
| 4 | CIL059 | M12, 5.9mm | F/1.7, F/2.8, F/4.0, F/5.6 variants | Low distortion with four fixed apertures: the DOF budget picks the stop at order time, no iris needed. | CIL059 |
| 5 | CIL142 | M12, 14.2mm | F/2.6, F/4.1, F/5.2 variants | Telephoto reach with three fixed stops to trade light against depth of field. | CIL142 |
| 6 | CIL121 | M12, 21.8mm | F/2.8, F/5.9, F/8.0 variants | The longest M12 reach here. The F/8.0 variant maximizes depth of field where illumination allows it. | CIL121 |
| 7 | CIL521 | C-마운트, 8mm | F/1.5 maximum | 2/3" 5MP at a short focal length with a bright maximum aperture. | CIL521 |
| 8 | CIL523 | C-mount, 16mm | F/1.4 maximum | The fastest maximum aperture in this list, for short exposures on 2/3" 5MP sensors. | CIL523 |
| 9 | CIL544 | C-마운트, 25mm | F/1.8 가변 조리개 | 1.1" 25MP measurement work. Sweep the iris to find the depth-of-field and diffraction optimum. | CIL544 |
Frame the scene with the field of view calculator and confirm the working aperture against your pixel pitch before ordering.
Commonlands stocks a broad range of M12 lens variants in the US, with C-mount, filter, and holder inventory alongside. Orders placed before 12 PM PT ship same day from San Diego, CA. ISO 9001:2015 certified.
자주 묻는 질문
Every lens Commonlands stocks lists its F-number on the product page.
렌즈의 조리개 값(f-number)이란 무엇인가요?
F-number (f/#) is the ratio of a lens's focal length to its entrance pupil diameter: f/# = f / D_EP. A 25mm lens with a 12.5mm entrance pupil is F/2. A lower F# admits more light per unit time; a higher F# extends depth of field and eventually runs into diffraction.
조리개 값은 피사계 심도에 어떤 영향을 미치나요?
A higher f-number widens the in-focus range: at a fixed focal length, working distance, and blur budget, geometric depth of field grows in proportion to the working f-number, though diffraction trims the usable gain at small apertures. Stopping down is the first tool to try when parts show height variation, at the cost of light reaching the sensor.
수치 구경이란 무엇인가요?
수치 구경(NA)은 렌즈가 수용하는 광뿔의 각도 측정값입니다: NA = n × sin(θ), 여기서 n은 매질의 굴절률이고, θ는 수용뿔의 반각입니다. 공기 중에서 무한대에 초점을 맞춘 렌즈의 상측 NA는 ≈ 1/(2 × f/#)이며, F/1.8 렌즈의 상측 NA는 ≈ 0.28이다.
렌즈의 입사 동공이란 무엇인가요?
The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop as seen from the object side of the lens. Its diameter sets the f-number (f/# = f / D_EP). In multi-element lenses it is not the same as the physical iris opening, because elements in front of the stop magnify or demagnify its image.
어두운 환경에서 머신 비전 렌즈의 성능이 뛰어난 이유는 무엇일까요?
머신 비전 렌즈는 모션 블러를 유발하는 노출 시간을 사용하지 않으면서도 프레임당 사용 가능한 신호 대 잡음비(SNR)를 확보할 수 있을 만큼 충분한 광자를 수집할 때 저조도 환경에서 우수한 성능을 발휘합니다. 조리개(f-값), 렌즈 투과율, 센서 픽셀 크기, 그리고 근적외선(NIR) 조명 사용 여부가 종합적으로 시스템이 사용 가능한 이미지를 생성할 수 있는지 여부를 결정합니다.
조리개 값을 정하는 데 도움이 필요하신가요?
Send the Commonlands engineering team your sensor format, pixel pitch, working distance, and depth requirement. We will work through the f-number, illumination, and diffraction budget with you.